What is a product requirements document?
A good product requirements document identifies the goals of any new product, service, or feature; it acutely describes the product your team will build.
A lean, mean product requirements document should clearly outline product goals, target users and what usage is expected.
It is the foundation that any agile product team needs to ensure all stakeholders involved are aligned and the roadmap for the product team is clear. The PRD will be the most referenced resource throughout your product build.
What makes an effective product requirements document
Product requirements documents do not need to be pages and pages long. Let’s be frank, people skim read, they pick out keywords and get the gist of things. To create a painless product requirements document, it’s essential that you keep things as brief as possible, concise, and easy on the eye- don’t be afraid to use visuals for support.
→ For instance at Slite, we use sketches to define features and interactions.
Even if you manage to create an outstanding product requirements document, it doesn’t guarantee that your product build will be a success, but it will certainly give it the best possible starting blocks.
A complete guide to product requirements document
How a PRD can help a product development team
Product development teams are by far the most largely affected team by a product requirements document. They are the ones that will refer to the project plans most often and will need to know the document like the back of their hand to ensure they’re working collaboratively and efficiently.
The PRD will play a smaller part in the broader product strategy, vision, and product roadmap. It is one of the core resources, outside of talent, that enables great product management.
However, it doesn’t stop with the development team. Marketing, Sales, Business Dev, Support, and more teams will need to refer to the template to understand what’s to come fully and the timeline. If all teams are on board with the doc, they’ll plan better within their areas so they can support the new product as best as possible when it’s ready.
What the PRD means to a Product Manager
As product manager (PM) you should be the main contributor toward any technical documentation like a product specs template or PRD, but that doesn’t mean you need to do it alone. It’s up to you — as a PM — to find the best resources in your team to help you create different parts of the PRD:
- Use a designer for wireframes and mockups
- Hire a marketer for personas and user stories
- The Product Manager is responsible for managing the entire product requirements definition process.
If this process is managed well, then the product managers should use this document as a resource for themselves throughout the process and as a resource for other stakeholders to continually reference.
What’s the difference between a PRD and an MRD?
People often get confused between what is a PRD, and what an MRD is. They are different but tend to come hand-in-hand. A Market Requirements Document should be created before the Product Requirements Document.
In short, a MRD is a piece of research that identifies the market needs and opportunities with a product from your company. The PRD identifies the product that can be built to fulfill the opportunity.
What should be included in a PRD?
A good PRD starting template will be different depending on your business and team. However, most Product Requirements Documents should include:
- Goals & Objectives
- Key Stakeholders
- User Personas & Stories
- Release details
- Design & Wireframes
- Risks
- Future Roadmap & interactions
Again, this is just a broad overview of how a PRD can appear. You may find it necessary to include all of the above in your document, or you may only need to take those things that you deem relevant to your product development process.
1. Goals & Objectives
This part is the “why” for building this product document in the first place. It provides the context around the product's lifecycle, and how it aligns with the broader mission and vision of your company / product.
Aim to clarify the problems this product is being designed to address. This will ensure your development team creates a product that solves its purpose and does so in a way that is enjoyable for the end-user.
2. Key Stakeholders
A simple but often overlooked part of the PRD is identifying the key stakeholders in the product roadmap process. This should include — but is not limited to — the Product Manager, internal or external Designers, Product Developers, the Document Owner and any direct reports or leadership positions that are involved.
Everyone's hoping on your project needs to know whom to turn to and for what. Clear ownership is crucial.
3. User Personas & Stories
These personas are so essential in a product’s development process and result. Each persona that you create should act as an input on the product’s experience and should have a particular purpose or challenge to help your product reach its end-goal. They help to provide the product's use cases.
Many new product projects tend to go wrong here; they revolve around personas built too similar to one another, merely changing gender or age. Knuckle down on your user personas. Who are they? How old are they? What gender do they identify with? What’s their occupation? Where are they from? What's their name? And most importantly, what specific need does your product solve?
Ensure that all of these factors are different but accurate to the data you have available. Use Google Analytics, social media, and other audience data to help you build these out.
What is a PRD persona example?
Naming personas will help a product development team be able to design for someone, not something. Build enough of a persona for the team to be relatable and understand, by doing so they’ll create an end-product that fits someone’s- and therefore the market’s- identified needs.
Support these personas with user stories. Here is a persona requirements document example, “As Cindy, someone who does XYZ, I need this product to XYZ.” By using these customer needs as support when designing a new product, your design team will create something that remains true to purpose and market fit.
These stories should primarily focus on a particular feature of the product. Instead of it looking like a project proposal, the persona should answer a pain-point, identified in the MRD, and the value the feature will provide.
4. Release Notes
These are so important, not only to help a product team ensure the product roadmap stays on track, but also for other teams involved. It will help people manage their workload so that they’re able to support the product as and when they need to.
Product release notes should include milestone names, features, fixes and upcoming improvements.
5. Design & Wireframes
Visual designs and wireframes are a must for any successful product requirements document. They help engineers to understand the design vision and answer the pain points of user personas.
By introducing wireframes at this stage, you’re able to identify problems and find solutions that would not have been apparent without a visual aid. Don’t think of design at this stage as graphic design. Your wireframe should function as a blueprint or basic map for where your core features will fit within a page and what those pages need to be in the first place.
Wireframes don’t need to be something beautiful, but they need to give your engineers and other stakeholders a clear vision of how the product will be used and how a user will flow through the product.
6. Risks
The gift of hindsight is such a powerful thing. We don’t know if a product will succeed or fail, nor every hurdle we may encounter throughout the development process. What we can do is try to identify as many risks we may encounter along the way.
A risk can be anything from a shaky timeline to new code or talent, a particular integration, or an external resource needed. By identifying risks early in the product document, the product team can conquer any of the more significant challenges at hand as early as possible and prepare a plan B for any situation.
7. Future roadmap & iterations
A product is never really a finished piece of work. It should be in a constant state of flux, learning from its use, adapting, and growing to new technology or consumer needs. The first iteration of your product should be exactly that, a first draft.
As a product owner or manager, ask yourself what functional requirements are essential for the MVP, and what can wait for the second or third iteration. Perhaps even consider what’s best held off until a second or third iteration, and could be championed with some user-data under the belt.
Try to plan out your product’s future roadmap for the design and engineering team members to understand what foundations need to be laid now to make these versions possible. Consider the purpose of all your future work, the timeframe you expect it to be delivered under, and its priority alongside other features.
Example of a Product Requirements Document Template
How to write a product requirements document can be a daunting task, and it’s hard to get a grip on where to begin. It’s a good idea to start with a Product Requirements Document template to help get your process underway.
Below we’ve provided you with a PRD example you can use and adapt to your own needs.
How to write a product requirements document?
Step 1: Study up
A PRD (meaning "product requirements document") should focus on the problem your product solves. Research customer needs and wants, and what they currently pay for similar products.
How do competitors approach the problem? How can you fill customer needs better?
Talk to your marketing, sales, and technical experts about the advantages and disadvantages of available technologies. All this research will help you lead your product development team confidently and effectively.
Step 2: Define core product values
Your Product Requirements Document template should explain clearly how the product aligns with your company's overall objectives and product strategy. Present your company's value proposition as an elevator pitch. Make sure everyone knows what a successful implementation of the product must deliver during the design and implementation process.
Step 3: Create a product philosophy
Defining product principles helps your team develop it. Some PRD examples include:
- Safe
- Reliable
- Intuitive
This value proposition exercise helps refine your product's principles and guides your team as they define user tasks and product features.
Step 4: Identify user profiles, goals, and tasks
A focused exercise on your user profile, goals, and tasks helps you build your product effectively. For example, PRDs should state who it is for, what their product goals are, and how they will use it.
Create a user profile
Your product document should identify the primary product user most important to your business in terms of sales.When considering new features, ask your team how that user would react to and use that feature. Focus on the needs, desires, habits, and attitudes of the majority of your primary users rather than trying to please every potential customer.
Define user goals
A product requirement document should identify what users want to accomplish. Users often have trouble explaining exactly what they want. Identify the user's needs and obstacles so designers and engineers can find the best solution.
Define user tasks
When putting together your PRD, create user-friendly tasks with your team. Explore ways you can accomplish the user's goals quickly and easily. Then, evaluate the best alternatives.
Step 5: List your product features
The bulk of your PRD will describe feature functionality and constraints placed upon the product design. Product functionality is described in functional requirements. Non-functional requirements describe product design limitations.
Step 6: Test your concept
Product managers and developers often take their draft PRD too seriously. It's too late to make major changes when Beta feedback arrives. Modern prototyping tools make prototype product validation testing for feedback easy. The three types of product validation testing are:
- feasibility
- usability
- concept testing
Step 7: Release criteria
Your requirement document should prioritize and rank requirements and release goals as "must haves," "high wants," and "nice to haves." This helps you bring the product to market and track evolving requirements.
Establish quantifiable success metrics like:
- Performance
- Reliability
- Usability
- Safety
- Supportability
- Scalability
- Localizability
- Other relevant product factors
Step 8: Revise your PRD draft
Make sure the developer understands the PRD problem and QA has enough information to build a test plan. Address any issues your stakeholders raise while drafting your PRD.
Step 9: Manage product development
When a problem over requirements arises, refer to the PRD. If there isn't an answer, resolve and record the decision. Throughout development and product launch, your PRD gives your whole team a clear understanding of what you're aiming for.
The pitfalls when creating a product requirements document
The testing process
In your first usability test, you will see what issues they have and how to fix them.For effective usability testing:
- Test usability before implementation, not after
- Make multiple iterations
- Keep other stakeholders involved
- Focus on user actions, not words
- Observe user interactions with the product
If you don't have usability engineers on staff, hire a firm that specializes in usability testing and add their input to your requirements document.
Keeping it customer focused
Customers are rarely as tech-savvy as product creators. For example, product requirements documents that seem intuitive to your designers may be obtuse to potential users. A poor first impression can sour your product on a customer. This is why customer feedback during development is an invaluable part of the process.
Don't start from solutions
Your product requirement document should specify the problem to solve, not how the product will solve it. A solution-based approach may lead to your engineers making incorrect assumptions and leave your development team confused and frustrated.
Not enough details
Your product document should give engineers and designers lots of leeway. Team members will fill in PRD gaps. Plan for problems popping up during development, Schedule time to address them quickly, and update the PRD as needed.
Overly detailed
Too much detail can lead to team members not reading the PRD. Complex products may need lower-level documents for each subsystem. Slite's PRD template makes allowances for complicated projects.
Too many features
While trying to meet all customer needs is tempting, it can be counterproductive for high-tech products. Added features bloat the product, leading to user confusion and increased maintenance costs. Be disciplined when adding features to your product requirement document.
Engineering-driven
You may overload the product manager if your engineering team is enamored with a new technology. Project management rules require you to listen to engineers but focus on value and give examples of requirements customers will buy and your company can build.
Marketing-driven
One marketing-driven example of a requirements document problem is "specials," special features, or additional purchases in exchange for additional payments. Specials can lead to customer confusion and frustration. They also require building, testing, maintaining, and supporting multiple product versions. And customers may discover that new features don't meet their needs. Evaluate each proposed feature and know when to walk away.
Requirement traceability
Your PRD must support requirement traceability and track issues, test cases, bugs, and problem resolutions to each requirement. An integrated requirements management tool, such as SLITE, can clarify your PRD meaning and greatly simplify requirements traceability.
Easily Handle a PRD and Product Processes with Slite
Just because you’ve managed to create an efficient Product Requirements Document, doesn’t necessarily mean your team will use it as a reference point, or even know where to find it.Slite is here to help you handle new product processes by keeping your team connected with the awesome resources you create:
- Share your PRD and other software documentation in real-time, with those in your team who need it.
- Centralize your team’s knowledge, no more jumping from person to person to get information.
- Get instant access to a wealth of templates that can help your product processes excel.
